Cancer Types
In this section we summarise the common cancer types, with their symptoms, diagnostic methods and current treatment options, in light of international guidelines and official health sources. Treatment planning is based on multidisciplinary tumour board evaluation; where needed, the characteristics of the tumour are determined with molecular tests such as next-generation sequencing (NGS) so that treatment can be planned individually.
- 24Cancer types
- 96Questions and answers
- Oct 2026Last reviewed
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Chest
Lung Cancer
Symptoms, molecular testing with NGS, targeted drugs and immunotherapy.Read more Breast
Breast Cancer
Hormone receptor and HER2 status, genetic testing and current treatment options.Read more Digestive system
Colorectal Cancer
Diagnosis in colon and rectal cancer, MSI and RAS testing, treatment options.Read more Digestive system
Gastric Cancer
Association with H. pylori, endoscopic diagnosis, biomarker testing and treatment.Read more Digestive system
Pancreatic Cancer
Jaundice and other symptoms, genetic testing, surgery and chemotherapy.Read more Genitourinary system
Prostate Cancer
Diagnosis with PSA and MRI, active surveillance, hormone therapy and newer options.Read more Gynaecological
Ovarian Cancer
Symptoms, BRCA and HRD testing, surgery, chemotherapy and maintenance therapy.Read more Genitourinary system
Kidney Cancer
Incidentally detected masses, surgery, immunotherapy and targeted drugs.Read more Genitourinary system
Bladder Cancer
Blood in the urine, cystoscopy, intravesical treatments and advanced-stage options.Read more Skin
Melanoma
ABCDE criteria, sentinel lymph node, treatment with immunotherapy and BRAF/MEK inhibitors.Read more Digestive system
Biliary Tract Cancer
Cholangiocarcinoma and gallbladder cancer: jaundice, ERCP, surgery and treatment guided by molecular testing.Read more Digestive system
Liver Cancer
HCC symptoms, BCLC staging, local treatments and immunotherapy.Read more Digestive system
Oesophageal Cancer
Diagnosis, staging and combined treatment of oesophageal cancer.Read more Endocrine
Thyroid Cancer
Types of thyroid cancer, surgery, radioactive iodine and targeted therapies.Read more Women's cancers
Cervical Cancer
HPV, screening, chemoradiotherapy and immunotherapy in cervical cancer.Read more Women's cancers
Endometrial Cancer
Molecular classification, surgery and systemic treatment in uterine cancer.Read more Urological
Testicular Cancer
Seminoma and non-seminoma, tumour markers and chemotherapy.Read more Nervous system
Brain Tumours
Gliomas, molecular classification, surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy.Read more Head and neck
Laryngeal Cancer
Voice-preserving treatment and a multidisciplinary approach in laryngeal cancer.Read more Head and neck
Nasopharyngeal Cancer
EBV association, chemoradiotherapy and induction treatment.Read more Endocrine
Neuroendocrine Tumours
NET and NEC, somatostatin analogues and PRRT.Read more Bone and soft tissue
Sarcomas
Diagnosis and treatment of soft tissue sarcomas and osteosarcoma.Read more Blood and lymphatic system
Lymphoma
Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphomas; a joint approach with haematology.Read more Chest
Mesothelioma
Asbestos exposure, diagnosis, chemotherapy and immunotherapy.Read more
Each article is an information text reviewed by Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ali Oğul, based on international guidelines and official health sources. Images are schematic drawings and are not to scale.
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Evaluation and second opinion
If you have recently been diagnosed or would like a second opinion on your current treatment plan, you can contact Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ali Oğul with your pathology report, imaging results and, if available, molecular test reports.
This content is for information only; please consult your physician for diagnosis and treatment.